You’re thinking of windows/mac/Linux which are typically bloated with dozens of gigabytes of libraries for every conceivable use.
Linux can be pared down to a few hundred kilobytes for loT devices, works great.
Then there are extremely tiny operating systems designed for minimal hardware that still qualify as general purpose.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_system
Lastly though, if all the lot device does is a few simple tasks there’s no need for an operating system. Link a networking library into the app and you’re all set.
*One inexpensive Linux system hardware solution is the Raspberry Pi Zero. They retail for $5 and run a full version of Debian. The Zeros i/o pins aren’t fantastic, 3.3v only, so add a $0.75 Arduino and you can interface with most sensors/circuits easily.
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