The rainbow is light refraction through a medium which changes the speed of light.
What you have to understand is that white light is composed of many wavelengths and depending on the wavelength its a different color.
Now comes the idea of refraction, which is that in a medium that changes the speed of light, different wavelengths with different frequencies will be slowed down at different rates, so the light fans out to different color… thats how a rainbow works.
Now… why can you still see it in sunset, because there is still some light.
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