why are there different sized batteries (aaa-D, etc) if they all put out the same 1.5v?
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Technically those are “cells”. A battery of hens, guns, or cells is a grouped collection of such. Often an electrochemical battery will be some multiple of the cell voltage, as each cell is connected end-to-end (series). But a single cell is often called a battery anyway.
The voltage is determined by the cell chemistry, but the total amount of energy is determined by the capacity of the cell to deliver electrical charge. Larger cell means more chemicals to react, which means more energy to store and supply.
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