why are there different sized batteries (aaa-D, etc) if they all put out the same 1.5v?
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The size of the battery changes the capacity (how much total power is stored) rather than voltage. A large D-cell battery will run longer than a AA-cell for the same power draw.
The voltage is dictated by the chemistry inside of the battery. Basically, different elements or molecules have different electro-chemical potentials. That’s why alkaline, lead-acid, NiMH, Li-Ion, LiFePO4, etc all have different voltages: they all have different chemistries.
You have different ***size*** batteries for different uses that may have other design choices. For instance, you don’t want to use giant D-cell batteries for your Tv remote control because that would be uncomfortable in the hand and remotes use very little power. However, if you have something larger that has heavy power draw, maybe those D-cell batteries make more sense.
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