Compression. Imagine two tracks, where one is compressed but the other isn’t.
Compression takes the parts of the track which are lower in volume (think subtler instruments, etc.) And boosts them up to match the louder elements.
The compressed track thus has a louder average volume compared to the non-compressed one. It can also loose character and nuance, according to some people.
As an example, an old rock song and a recent hard electronic banger can sound world’s apart in terms of loudness at roughly the same volume.
Mostly because recent (especially harder) electronic music uses compression to absurd levels.
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