Dull blades have burs, little bits of metal twisted into itsy bitsy jagged little spikes like barbed wire pointing in the wrong directions. These burs develop after extended use, or from getting rusty if you wet shave and they oxidize. The little burs are what cuts and irritates your skin when the blade is dull.
Properly sharpened blades don’t have many burs, they are only sharp in the direction they are supposed to be. They cut the hairs that stick up in front of them, but not the skin which is parallel to them.
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