Lithium batteries, like most batteries, work using chemical reactions to store and release energy. If the battery gets too old, too hot, charged to much or too quickly, or a few other things, the chemical reaction changes to one that produces gases, usually carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Being a gas, it has a much larger volume than the solids and liquids in the battery, so it puffs up the battery, like blowing into a paper bag.
The swelling is a sign that the battery is dangerously deteriorated and shouldn’t be used. Lithium batteries are dangerous when they catch fire.
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