I think it’s because the white parts of a grey shirt stop being able to reflect light as well when soaked. Natural fibres like cotton are a bit fuzzy with lots of holes in the individual strands. When those get waterlogged they are going to change the optical behavior of the yarn. Since grey is a mixture of light and dark fibres the dark fibres start to dominate and the contrast to the surrounding lighter cloth makes them stand out more.
Grey synthetic fibres or silk won’t do the same as the individual strands are one pice more or less and not lots of short hairs woven into one yarn.
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