Instead of gears look at a block and tackle. If you connect rope trough a single block to pull something you have to pull with half the force but twice as long compared to just a rope. If you have two loops so the rope passes 4 times to the load you have to pull four times the distance but with a quarter of the force. So you trade force for distance.
I physical work=force*distance so you do the same work in all cases.
Torque is a rotational force so the gears work like a block and tackle system. So if you have gears that produce twice the torque the input gear has to rotate twice the number of revolution for the same work. It is the same work=force*distance but for rotation.
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