Two things going on:
1. The tires are put through a LOT more force than regular road tires. Fast acceleration, hard braking and corners at high speeds. This puts a lot of wear on your tires.
2. Your road tires are designed prioritizing longevity during typical use over quite a few other properties. In contrast something like a formula 1 tire is “soft”, they’re designed to maximize grip on the track due to needing traction to handle extreme forces required to brake, accelerate and corner, but this means they wear a lot faster. Could they make a F1 tire that lasted an entire race? Probably but you’ll be slower and the race rules require at least one tire change so you’re better off going for a tire that gives you every possible edge on speed than you are trying to make a tire last much more than half a race.
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