So force definitely is a driving factor, but what you can think of as causing the damage is *energy*. The force of something, when it collided with another object, results in contact energy that is then absorbed by one or both objects. That energy will stress, break, and bend bonds at atomic and macro levels as it goes throughout an object.
More force, more *energy*, more damage.
I’m not a physicist, but that’s my best layman’s explanation.
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