Mainly because most things aren’t destroyed by radiation. Organic stuff is, because we’re so dang complicated, same for computers.
But a geiger counter, to vastly oversimplify the physics, is just a tube with gas that turns radiation into a bit of electricity plus some very robust and basic electrical components that turn those electrical signals into something you can read on a dial.
It’s built specifically to be exposed to radiation, so we make it in a way that can handle a lot of radiation exposure. For the same reason you don’t make pool toys out of something that dissolves in water.
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