Why is it difficult to exceed 30% thermal efficiency for a car engine?

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Based on a previous post regarding the exact same topic , I unfortunately cannot elaborate on what I already know and where my gaps in understanding lie because my post would be removed. Instead, I was told to explain that in response to others’ comments.

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Anonymous 0 Comments

Because of the Carnot Efficiency wich is the theorethical maximum for converting heat to kinetic energy. It’s based on the temperature difference between hot basin (burning fuel) and cold basin (athmosphere).

It’s calculated with 1-(T_cold/T_hot) when you have the temperature in Kelvin. So to reach a theorethical maximum of 50% your fuel has to burn at ~550K. And then you have to subtract all the losses for friction, heat loss in wrong places etc. etc.

In simpler terms: thermodynamics don’t allow converting heat to movement without lots of losses.

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