Salt content. Basically plain water is not isotonic with our cells. In sensitive areas like eyes and nasal cavities. The cells are trying to balance the salinity causing us to register pain.
If it’s salt water then there’s too much salt and the same thing happens.
If you have a solution that is isotonic with the body. Around .9%. Then it wont hurt at all.
Tears dont hurt because they have the right amount of salt.
Nose and eyes pathways are connected. Whenever there is a sudden thrust of water stream goes into your nostrils, a good amount of water strike your eyes from back to get out. Your eyes block it and take the thrust damage to themselves. That’s also why the water drops down your eyes and they get reddish sometimes.
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