There are lots of images format with higher than 9 bit color depth. You have been able to get it as output from the scanner for decade often in TIFF format.
Common PNG images support 8 and 16 bits per pixel. The RAW you can get out of cameras have more than 8 bits in most cases but the format is camera-specific.
So there are lots of image formats for higher bit depts then 8 there is just not one common that cameras output and the program can handle. Most images are jpg and that format support only 8 bits images.
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