Eli5: how is pupillary dilatation almost immediate but “eyes adjusting” to night vision takes a few minutes?

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The light sensitive chemicals in your eyes get damaged by light and are constantly regenerated. In bright light they are used up as fast as they are made and there is only a relatively small amount in your eyes. In the dark more and more can build up, which makes your eyes more sensitive. It’s takes around 30 mins for your eyes to “fill” with those light sensitive chemicals, so after going from light to dark that’s how long it takes to get your full night vision.

Little side fact it’s though pirates wore eye patches to save their dark vision in one eye so they could quickly go from bright daylight to the darkness inside the ship.

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