When a battery hits full, the charger stops charging. This is built into pretty much all batteries/chargers, either by the nature of how the battery works or by a circuit that exists solely to do disconnect the battery when full.
If this doesn’t happen, then the battery is overcharged and can quickly overheat or even explode.
The battery itself stops being charged. Putting more energy in would damage it, or could even start a fire — it’s like putting too much air into a balloon.
But, the phone itself needs electricity too. So the charger keeps giving enough electricity so that the battery doesn’t have to do any work until you unplug the phone.
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