Ads are generally hosted on an external site by an add agency. Its not like the site you visit actually has a deal with “coffee incorporated”, instead they have a deal with an add agency that matches the advertising site to a customer that’s looking for the correct target audience.
This means that most adds come from a relatively small amount of centralised sources. (The add agencies and their servers), so Ad-block just checks externally loaded elements against its list, and if it sees something that appears in its list of add providers, it doens’t render/load the it.
So how would an Ad appear anyway? First, the ad is hosted by the site itself, the advertiser has probably negotiated a contract themselves with the site owner, made a specialised ad, and the site hosts it itself locally. Ad-block doesn’t have this on its list, so the ad goes through.
Option B, some ad-blockers allow “non-intrusive ads”, this basically means that advertisers paid the makers of the ad-block to not block their specific ad.
Option C, you just ran into a ads from a new advertising company, and your ad-block list has not yet been updated.
Adblockers have a list of websites and HTML elements within those websites that contain ads. When you load a page, it checks its reference list, and then deletes the elements that contain the ads. If there’s an ad in an element that isn’t listed, it won’t get deleted.
Most adblockers have a function where you can add to the list by right clicking on an ad and telling it to block it. This just adds it to the list.
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