Adblockers have a list of websites and HTML elements within those websites that contain ads. When you load a page, it checks its reference list, and then deletes the elements that contain the ads. If there’s an ad in an element that isn’t listed, it won’t get deleted.
Most adblockers have a function where you can add to the list by right clicking on an ad and telling it to block it. This just adds it to the list.
Ads are generally hosted on an external site by an add agency. Its not like the site you visit actually has a deal with “coffee incorporated”, instead they have a deal with an add agency that matches the advertising site to a customer that’s looking for the correct target audience.
This means that most adds come from a relatively small amount of centralised sources. (The add agencies and their servers), so Ad-block just checks externally loaded elements against its list, and if it sees something that appears in its list of add providers, it doens’t render/load the it.
So how would an Ad appear anyway? First, the ad is hosted by the site itself, the advertiser has probably negotiated a contract themselves with the site owner, made a specialised ad, and the site hosts it itself locally. Ad-block doesn’t have this on its list, so the ad goes through.
Option B, some ad-blockers allow “non-intrusive ads”, this basically means that advertisers paid the makers of the ad-block to not block their specific ad.
Option C, you just ran into a ads from a new advertising company, and your ad-block list has not yet been updated.
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