how do particles know when they are being observed?
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Particles do not need to know when they are being observed and the observer does not need to be sentient either. In order to measure the properties of a particle, it requires some interaction, typically electromagnetic radiation, i.e. light, radio, x-ray that sort of thing.
This interaction inevitably leads to changes in the quantum state of the particle in one way or another depending on what property is being measured.
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