A series of non-destructive tests or destructive tests. electrical or heat conduction, hardness, luster, streak, color, cleavage, specific gravity, magnetism, taste/texture to tongue. Also experience, a Sr. jeweler can tell what a stone might be based on its setting.
There is a different test and scale for each measurement.
gemological institute:
[https://www.gia.edu/](https://www.gia.edu/)
[https://www.gia.edu/gem-education/course-gem-ident](https://www.gia.edu/gem-education/course-gem-ident)
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