Exactly the same way as short exposure photography does. Seriously.
Cameras have a sensor and a shutter. You always have to open the shutter for a while to let the light register on the sensor. There’s no fixed definition of what “long exposure” means exactly. It’s just a fuzzy term for durations that feel “long-ish” to humans.
Usually you use a tripod, and sometimes a tracking mechanism to track the thing that you don’t want to be really blurry in the frame. But that really applies at all timescales. It’s just a question of how much things change while the shutter is open. If something moves really fast, then even at normal photography speeds things can come out blurry.
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