Okay, USB is a standard and runs on 5V by default. It had four wires, two for power (positive and negative) and two for data. A dumb charger will just provide 5V on the power lines. A smart charger will output 5V first, communicate with the device through the data lines to decide on a new voltage, and then switch to the desired voltage if an agreement is reached. That way, a dumb device will not be damaged by overvoltage.
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