Asbestos is mined actually and then processed to clean it up but exists basically naturally. Its dangerous because it breaks down into tiny little shards/fibres and during construction or working with the material people can inhale them. Once you inhale them they get stuck in your lungs and become a nucleation site (starting point basically) for all sorts of lung health problems, from coughs to cancers.
The reason it was so widely used is because its a really really really good fire retardant. Its cheap and never catches fire and is easy to use. So people used it in everything they could until the health effects started being better documented.
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