One major outstanding problem in surgical augmentation is transdermal-anything.
Skin is quite good at being skin. It keeps the outside out, and the inside in. In the specific points where “inside” and “outside” need to meet, there are fairly complex systems in place for making that happen. The “minimal” version of that is something like hair or nails; a more complex example would be “your nose”.
We don’t have a good artificial way of making something that goes through the skin, and doesn’t have a significant infection risk associated with it.
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