I can give a story I heard, I think it was real:
They put toddlers in a room one at a time, sitting at a table, they put a marshmallow in front of them and said if they could choose not to eat it, they would get two at the end. They then recorded the kids behavior over a few minutes. Some dove into the treat right away, while others tried a variety of methods to distract or restrain themselves, and others were able to just turn away and wait.
Some of them had willpower/discipline, and others did not.
A common measure is the ability to deny oneself of short term gains or personal gain in favor of long term gains or the gains of the greater community.
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