Dementia involves more than one type of mental ability. For example, a person with dementia may have trouble with memory, planning, and language abilities. (One caveat: to qualify as dementia, a person must have their deficits while having “a clear sensorium.” That is, they can’t be drunk, stoned, or delirious.) Alzheimers disease is one type of dementia.
Amnesia refers specifically to a failure in memory.
Amnesia and some types of dementia can be permanent or temporary. Some examples of temporary causes of dementia are hypothyroidism and severe depression.
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