A very simplistic explanation:
Amnesia: memory loss caused by trauma (using this term very broadly), disease or drug use; can be temporary or permanent, can be loss of memories or inability to form new ones. It’s not just forgetting things, but more like whole chunks are gone.
Dementia: broad term for brain disorders that affects cognitive function (memory, thinking, problem-solving, etc) and is also a broad term for symptoms declining brain function. Dementia gets worse over time, although sometimes can be reversed.
Alzheimer’s: a form of dementia, an incurable disease.
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