A thesis is a big research paper that you do at the end of your degree, to prove that you know what you’re talking about.
If you’re doing a science subject, you might do your own original research in the lab and then write it up as part of a long report. If you do a humanities subject, you’ll use different sources to try and answer a question or write about an idea that no one else answered before. Either way, it will be new research. The thesis will also include a summary of relevant research that has come before yours, and will explain why your research is new and valuable.
This answer is based on the UK university system.
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