They’re diacritics. Many languages have small bits and bobs that can be overlaid with other characters to modify them. On the simpler side, the double-dot (diaeresis) in “naïve” means that the I should be pronounced as separate from the preceding letter. Unicode, the purpose of which is to provide a way of representing all languages, handles those by having the marks as separate characters which are rendered on top of preceding ones.
The Zalgo text in your example happens when someone decides to randomly pile every kind of diacritical mark available on top of the text which makes it seem like illegible gibberish. It doesn’t mean anything when used like that.
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