Quite a few birds only eat fish small enough to swallow whole. They do take care to swallow the fish head-first, as fins and other projections can be very pokey going the other way.
Some species of bear that feed on salmon only eat the skin, which is loaded with fat. In more spare times they may also eat the flesh, which isn’t as fatty.
That said, there are probably plenty of instances of fish-eating animals seriously injuring themselves, as JerseyWiseguy suggests.
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