The short version is you don’t… or at least, not really. If you sleep 12 hours when you normally sleep 8 hours, there’s probably a reason. Typically, it’s because you either DIDN’T get your normal sleep, or are ill, or recently changed sleep schedules. Sleeping 10-12 hours is your body trying to play catchup and re-adjust, and it can’t really do that in a single day.
I doubt you’d actually feel better if you “only” had 8 hours sleep than if you had 10-12. Your head can get used to sleeping < 6 hours a night, but your body remembers the debt. As soon as you let your body begin to recover, your head will notice the change and become aware of what it was concealing from itself.
Just to elaborate on this, as people have already answered. If you wake up in the middle of a dream your head will be messed and you feel tired still. If you are awoken in the middle of a deep sleep phase you will feel very drowsy. As we alternate between sleep states, being waked up in the REM phase will do that to us, we are supposed to wake up as we leave the REM, and instead of going into deep sleep we wake up.
That’s why if you want to get very little sleep, deciding to sleep for 3 hours, you wake up and feel a mess, while sleeping 4 hours, will have you wake up and feel you got some rest and made you able to work again.
And if you usually wake up after 6 or 8 hours your body has ajdusted itself to that cycle, then when you sleep 2 hours longer, you wake up in the middle of a sleep phase.
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